He believed that people acquire certain images of self and other throughout the developmental stages. Subjective perceptions are referred to as personifications.
There are three categories: Bad-mother, good-mother; Me personifications and eidetic personifications. Later on, infants acquire a good-mother personification as they become mature enough to recognize the tender and cooperative behavior of the mothering one. Later on, these two personifications combine to form a complex and contrasting image of a real mother.
The me personification is acquired by children during infancy. There are three types: bad-me which grows from experiences of punishment and disapproval; the good-me results from experiences with reward and approval and the not-me, which allows a person to dissociate the experiences related to anxiety. The last type is the eidetic personification which talks about imaginary playmates that the preschool-aged children often have.
These imaginary friends enable children to have a safe, secure relationship with another person, even though that person is imaginary. Sullivan also recognized three levels of cognition or ways of perceiving things: prototaxic, parataxic and syntaxic.
It refers to the experiences that are impossible to put into words or to communicate to others. Newborn infants experience images mostly on a prototaxic level. Parataxic level includes experiences that are prelogical and nearly impossible to accurately communicate to others.
Loading flashcards The term Adler chose to label his conception of personality was. According to Adler, social interest is expressed. When Tim moved to a new town, he experienced a desire to find others with whom he shared common interests and could join in with as friends. Adler suggested that many of our beliefs are fictional finalisms because they.
Steven has a strong belief in God. According to Adler, life is motivated by the need to. Foster is a practicing psychotherapist whose approach to clients emphasizes the fact that as infants, all people are incapable of fulfilling their most basic needs and therefore, must depend on others to survive.
As children develop intelligence and foresight, they become able to learn which behaviors are related to an increase or decrease in anxiety. This ability to detect slight increases or decreases in anxiety provides the self-system with a built-in warning device. As the self system develops, people begin to form a consistent image of themselves. Thereafter, any interpersonal experiences that they perceive as contrary to their self-regard threatens their security. As a consequence, people attempt to defend themselves against interpersonal tensions by means of security operations, the purpose of which is to reduce feelings of insecurity or anxiety that result from endangered self-esteem.
People tend to deny or distort interpersonal experiences that conflict with their self-regard. For example, when people who think highly of themselves are called incompetent, they may choose to believe that the name-caller is stupid or, perhaps, merely joking. Two important security operations are dissociation and selective inattention. Dissociation includes those impulses, desires, and needs that a person refuses to allow into awareness.
These experiences do not cease to exist but continue to influence personality on an unconscious level. Dissociated images manifest themselves in dreams, daydreams, and other unintentional activities outside of awareness and are directed toward maintaining interpersonal security Sullivan, b. The control of focal awareness, called selective inattention, is a refusal to see those things that we do not wish to see.
It differs from dissociation in both degree and origin. Selectively inattended experiences are more accessible to awareness and more limited in scope. They originate after we establish a self-system and are triggered by our attempts to block out experiences that are not consistent with our existing self-system.
Personifications Beginning in infancy and continuing throughout the various developmental stages, people acquire certain images of themselves and others. Sullivan b described three basic personifications that develop during infancy—the bad-mother, the goodmother, and the me. In addition, some children acquire an eidetic personification imaginary playmate during childhood.
Whether the nipple belongs to the mother or to a bottle held by the mother, the father, a nurse, or anyone else is not important. The bad-mother personification is almost completely undifferentiated, inasmuch as it includes everyone involved in the nursing situation.
After the bad-mother personification is formed, an infant will acquire a goodmother personification based on the tender and cooperative behaviors of the mothering one.
Until the infant develops language, however, these two opposing images of mother can easily coexist Sullivan, b. Me Personifications During midinfancy a child acquires three me personifications bad-me, good-me, and not-me that form the building blocks of the self personification. Each is related to the evolving conception of me or my body. The bad-me personification is fashioned from experiences of punishment and disapproval that infants receive from their mothering one.
Such experiences diminish anxiety and foster the good-me personification. Sudden severe anxiety, however, may cause an infant to form the not-me personification and to either dissociate or selectively inattend experiences related to that anxiety. Eidetic Personifications Not all interpersonal relations are with real people; some are eidetic personifications: that is, unrealistic traits or imaginary friends that many children invent in order to protect their self-esteem.
Levels of Cognition. Prototaxic Level The earliest and most primitive experiences of an infant take place on a prototaxic level. Because these experiences cannot be communicated to others, they are difficult to describe or define. One way to understand the term is to imagine the earliest subjective experiences of a newborn baby. These experiences must, in some way, relate to different zones of the body.
Parataxic Level Parataxic experiences are prelogical and usually result when a person assumes a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that occur coincidentally. Parataxic cognitions are more clearly differentiated than prototaxic experiences, but their meaning remains private.
Therefore, they can be communicated to others only in a distorted fashion. Syntaxic Level Experiences that are consensually validated and that can be symbolically communicated take place on a syntaxic level. Consensually validated experiences are those on whose meaning two or more persons agree. Stages of Development Sullivan b postulated seven epochs or stages of development, each crucial to the formation of human personality.
His seven stages are infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, late adolescence, and adulthood. Infancy Infancy begins at birth and continues until a child develops articulate or syntaxic speech, usually at about age 18 to 24 months.
Sullivan believed that an infant becomes human through tenderness received from the mothering one. The satisfaction of nearly every human need demands the cooperation of another person. Infants cannot survive without a mothering one to provide food, shelter, moderate temperature, physical contact, and the cleansing of waste materials.
An infant expresses both anxiety and hunger through crying. The baby may even stop breathing and turn a bluish color, but the built-in protections of apathy and somnolent detachment keep the infant from death. Apathy and somnolent detachment allow the infant to fall asleep despite the hunger Sullivan, b. During the feeding process, the infant not only receives food but also satisfies some tenderness needs.
Around midinfancy, infants begin to learn how to communicate through language. In the beginning, their language is not consensually validated but takes place on an individualized or parataxic level. Selective Inattention is one such mechanism. The characteristic ways in which an individual deals with other people. In Sullivan's theory, a group of feelings, attitude, and thoughts that have arisen out of one's interpersonal experiences. According to Sullivan , the purpose of all behavior is to get needs met through interpersonal interactions and decrease or avoid anxiety.
He viewed anxiety as a key concept and defined it as any painful feeling or emotion arising from social insecurity or blocks to getting biological needs satisfied. Herbert "Harry" Stack Sullivan February 21, , Norwich, New York — January 14, , Paris, France was an American Neo-Freudian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who held that "personality can never be isolated from the complex interpersonal relationships in which [a] person lives" and that "[t]he field of psychiatry.
What are the theories of interpersonal communication? This theory refers to the reciprocity of behaviors between two people who are in the process of developing a relationship. What is intrapersonal theory?
One, an intrapersonal theory, includes self-directed thoughts particularly expectancy of success and self-directed emotions pride, guilt, and shame. The second is an interpersonal theory and includes beliefs about the responsibility of others and other-directed affects of anger and sympathy.
Who created Object Relations Theory?
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