The following texts reveal that time. Note: When considering these texts, it is important to understand two terms: sunset and dark. Sunset occurs when the land is covered in shadows but the sky remains light for a certain period of time. It takes place when the sun is no longer visible. Dark occurs when all sunlight has passed from the sky. This takes place several minutes after sunset.
Article: Time "Day: From an early period, the time of reckoning the day was from sunset to sunset, and this became the Jewish method. Article: The Sabbath "The Hebrew weekly day of rest and worship, which was observed on the seventh day of the week, beginning at sundown on Friday and ending at sundown on Saturday.
Article: Hours of the Day "The Jewish day was reckoned from evening to evening While the night was divided into watches, the day was divided into hours; each of these hours being one twelfth the time between sunrise and sunset… The first hour began at sunrise, the sixth ended at noon, and the twelfth ended at sunset.
According to Edersheim, it was to be waved on the morrow after the Sabbath Lev. The whole community would make its home in no more than a few city blocks. This made it easy to notify the whole community about all kinds of information, including the beginning of Shabbat and holidays. The shul klapper helped to ensure that the community brought Shabbat in on time every week. How did the shul klapper know when to start his shouting journey? Generally, he would just go by the time the sun set on Thursday, or the last time the sunset was visible.
He then would be well within the 18 minutes allotted before Shabbat begins. When in doubt, a good shul klapper would bring Shabbat in early. From his hometown? From the last village he was in before he entered the all daylight zone? At the time the practice was first instituted in the 19th century, that happened to be Hamburg, Germany one rabbi has suggested that the first community that needed to do this adopted Hamburg time because their rabbi was from Hamburg, and all other communities just followed their lead.
I consulted with Daniel Reisel, a Jewish friend of mine in Norway to see what his community does. Apparently the Norwegian custom in the summer months based on a teaching from the Baal Shem Tov that says we are all always walking towards Jerusalem is to bring in Shabbat at the same time Shabbat begins in Jerusalem. So if candle-lighting time in Jerusalem is at pm, Shabbat in Oslo begins at pm local time.
Before you can begin to understand the Shabbat restrictions, you must understand the word " melachah. Melachah generally refers to the kind of work that is creative, or that exercises control or dominion over your environment.
The word may be related to " melech " king; Mem-Lamed-Kaf. The quintessential example of melachah is the work of creating the universe, which G-d ceased from on the seventh day. Note that G-d's work did not require a great physical effort: he spoke, and it was done. The word melachah is rarely used in scripture outside of the context of Shabbat and holiday restrictions.
The only other repeated use of the word is in the discussion of the building of the sanctuary and its vessels in the wilderness. Exodus Ch. Notably, the Shabbat restrictions are reiterated during this discussion Ex. From this, the rabbis concluded that the work prohibited on the Shabbat is the same as the work of creating the sanctuary. They found 39 categories of forbidden acts, all of which are types of work that were needed to build the sanctuary:.
All of these tasks are prohibited, as well as any task that operates by the same principle or has the same purpose. In addition, the rabbis have prohibited coming into contact with any implement that could be used for one of the above purposes for example, you may not touch a hammer or a pencil , travel, buying and selling, and other weekday tasks that would interfere with the spirit of Shabbat.
The use of electricity is prohibited because it serves the same function as fire or some of the other prohibitions, or because it is technically considered to be "fire. The issue of the use of an automobile on Shabbat, so often argued by non-observant Jews, is not really an issue at all for observant Jews.
The automobile is powered by an internal combustion engine, which operates by burning gasoline and oil, a clear violation of the Torah prohibition against kindling a fire. In addition, the movement of the car would constitute transporting an object in the public domain, another violation of a Torah prohibition, and in all likelihood the car would be used to travel a distance greater than that permitted by rabbinical prohibitions.
For all these reasons, and many more, the use of an automobile on Shabbat is clearly not permitted. As with almost all of the commandments, all of these Shabbat restrictions can be violated if necessary to save a life.
The mood is much like preparing for the arrival of a special, beloved guest: the house is cleaned, the family bathes and dresses up, the best dishes and tableware are set, a festive meal is prepared. In addition, everything that cannot be done during Shabbat must be set up in advance: lights and appliances must be set or timers placed on them, if the household does so , the light bulb in the refrigerator must be removed, so it does not turn on when you open it, and preparations for the remaining Shabbat meals must be made.
The Shabbat, like all Jewish days, begins at sunset, because in the story of creation in Genesis Ch. Shabbat candles are lit and a blessing is recited no later than eighteen minutes before sunset.
This ritual, performed by the woman of the house, officially marks the beginning of the Shabbat. Two candles are lit, representing the two commandments: zachor and shamor.
The family then attends a brief evening service 45 minutes - that's brief by Jewish standards - see Jewish Liturgy. After services, the family comes home for a festive, leisurely dinner.
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